1. Introduction to Plants and Botany
Concepts
Plants
Scientific Method
Areas Where the Scientific Method is Inappropriate
Using Concepts to Understand Plants
Origin and Evolution of Plants
Diversity of Plant Adaptations
Plants Versus the Study of Plants
2. Introduction to the Principles of Chemistry
Concepts
Atoms and Molecules
Mechanisms of Reactions
Organic Molecules
Carbohydrates
Amino Acids and Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Cofactors and Carriers
Enzymes
PART 1. Plant Structure
3. Cell Structure
Concepts
Membranes
Basic Cell Types
Plant Cells
Fungal Cells
Associations of Cells
4. Growth and Division of the Cell
Concepts
Growth Phase of the Cell Cycle
Division Phase of the Cell Cycle
Less Common Types of Cell Division in Plants
Cell Division in Algae
Cell Division of Prokaryotes
Division of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
5. Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems
Concepts
Basic Types of Cells and Tissues
External Organization of Stems
Internal Organization of Stems
Stem Growth and Differentiation
6. Leaves
Concepts
External Structure of Foliage Leaves
Internal Structure of Foliage Leaves
Initiation and Development of Leaves
Morphology and Anatomy of Other Leaf Types
7. Roots
Concepts
External Structure of Roots
Internal Structure of Roots
Origin and Development of Lateral Roots
Other Types of Roots
8. Structure of Woody Plants
Concepts
Vascular Cambium
Secondary Xylem
Secondary Phloem
Outer Bark
Secondary Growth in Roots
Anomalous Forms of Growth
9. Flowers and Reproduction
Outline
Concepts
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Flower Structure and Cross-pollination
Inflorescences and Pollination
Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
PART 2 Plant Physiology and Development
10. Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis
Concepts
Energy and Reducing Power
Photosynthesis
Environmental and Internal Factors
11. Energy Metabolism: Respiration
Concepts
Types of Respiration
Environmental and Internal Factors
Total Energy Yield of Respiration
Respiratory Quotient
12. Transport Processes
Concepts
Diffusion, Osmosis, and Active Transport
Water Potential
Short Distance Intercellular Transport
Long Distance Transport: Phloem
Long Distance Transport: Xylem
13. Soils and Mineral Nutrition
Concepts
Essential Elements
Mineral Deficiency Diseases
Soils and Mineral Availability
Nitrogen Metabolism
Storage of Minerals within Plants
14. Development and Morphogenesis
Concepts
Environmental Complexity
Responding to Environmental Stimuli
Communication Within the Plant
Activation and Inhibition of Shoots by Auxin
Interactions of Hormones in Shoots
Hormones as Signals of Environmental Factors
Flowering
PART 3 Genetics and Evolution
15. Genes and the Genetic Basis of Metabolism and Development
Concepts
Storing Genetic Information
Protein Synthesis
Control of Protein Levels
Analysis of Genes and Recombinant DNA
Techniques
Genetic Engineering of Plants
Viruses
16. Genetics
Concepts
Replication of DNA
Mutations
Monohybrid Crosses
Dihybrid Crosses
Multiple Genes for One Character
Other Aspects of Inheritance
17. Population Genetics and Evolution
Concepts
Population Genetics
Rates of Evolution
Speciation
Evolution and the Origin of Life
18. Classification and Systematics
Concepts
Levels of Taxonomic Categories
Cladistics
Other Types of Classification Systems
Taxonomic Studies
The Major Lines of Evolution
19. Algae and the Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
Concepts
Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
Characteristics of Various Groups of Algae
Green Algae
Red Algae
Brown Algae and their Relatives: The Heterokonts
Euglenoids
20. Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
Concepts
Characters of Nonvascular Plants
Classification of Nonvascular Plants
Division Bryophyta: Mosses
Division Hepatophyta: Liverworts
Division Anthocerotophyta: Hornworts
21. Vascular Plants Without Seeds
Concepts
Early Vascular Plants
The Microphyll Line of Evolution: Lycophytes
The Megaphyll Line of Evolution: Euphyllophytes
The Term “Vascular Cryptogams”
22. Seed Plants I: Gymnosperms
Concepts
Division Progymnospermophyta: Progymnosperms
Division Pteridospermophyta: Seed Ferns
Division Coniferophyta: Conifers
Division Cycadophyta: Cycads
Division Cycadeoidophyta: Cycadeoids
Division Ginkgophyta: Maidenhair Tree
Division Gnetophyta
23. Seed Plants II: Angiosperms
Concepts
Changing Concepts about Early Angiosperms
Classification of Flowering Plants
Basal Angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
24. Fungi
Concepts
General Characteristics of Fungi
Slime Molds
Chytridiomycetes
Zygomycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
Imperfect Fungi
Associations of Fungi with Other Organisms
Fungi as Disease Agents of Plants
25. Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea
Concepts
Structure of the Prokaryotic Cell
Cell Division and Reproduction
Metabolism
Classification of Prokaryotes
Domain Archaea
Domain Bacteria
PART 4 Ecology
26. Populations and Ecosystems
Concepts
Plants in Relation to Their Habitats
The Structure of Populations
The Structure of Ecosystems
27. Biomes
Concepts
World Climate
Continental Drift
The World Biomes at Present
